Heterogeneous Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio enabled Vehicular Networks Using Network Softwarization

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is regarded as an emerging technology to solve the spectrum scarcity problem created by static spectrum allocation. In DSA, unlicensed users access idle channels opportunistically, without creating any harmful interference to licensed users. This method will also help to incorporate billions of wireless devices for different applications such as Internet-of-Things, cyber-physical systems, smart grids, etc. Vehicular networks for intelligent transportation cyber-physical systems is emerging concept to improve transportation security and reliability. IEEE 802.11p standard comprising of 7 channels is dedicated for vehicular communications. These channels could be highly congested and may not be able to provide reliable communications in urban areas. Thus, vehicular networks are expected to utilize heterogeneous wireless channels for reliable communications. In this thesis, real-time opportunistic spectrum access in cloud based cognitive radio network (ROAR) architecture is used for energy efficiency and dynamic spectrum access in vehicular networks where geolocation of vehicles is used to find idle channels. Furthermore, a three step mechanism to detect geolocation falsification attacks is presented. Performance is evaluated using simulation results

Evaluation of polyhalite on growth, yield attributes and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Potassium is involved in a diverse range of processes within plants that are needed for their growth, yield and better quality. The polyhalite as a hydrated evaporate mineral that can be used directly as a source of potassic fertilizer. However, research on polyhalite's appropriateness and effectiveness, the present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of polyhalite on growth, yield attributes, and yield of blackgram variety ADT 5 at Chinnakandiankuppam village, Vriddhachalam, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, during 2021. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design consisting of ten treatments viz., T1 (absolute control), T2 (-K), T3 (12.5 kg K2O ha-1 as muriate of potash (MOP)), T4 (25 kg K2O ha-1as MOP), T5 (37.5 kg K2O ha-1 as MOP), T6 (50 kg K2O ha-1 as MOP), T7 (12.5 kg K2O ha-1 as polyhalite),  T8 (25 kg K2O ha-1 as polyhalite), T9 (37.5 kg K2O ha-1 as polyhalite), T10 (50 kg K2O ha-1 as polyhalite). The experiment revealed that the application of 37.5 kg K2O ha-1 as polyhalite (T9) significantly (5%) enhanced the growth attributes (plant height (38.7 cm), number of branches plant-1 (12.97), leaf area index (2.13), number of nodules plant-1 (18.76) and dry matter production (1972 hg ha-1), yield attributes (pod length (8.21 cm), number of pods plant-1 (20.05), number of seeds pod-1 (7.14) and test weight (3.53 g)) and grain yield (1439 kg ha-1), haulm yield (1876 kg ha-1) of blackgram. Thus the study would be helpful to farmers for yield maximization of blackgram through polyhalite as potassic fertilizer.    

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS BY TLC OF MURRAYA KOENIGII BARK EXTRACT

Murraya koenigii is a medium size, ever green plant which has been utilized as a source of food, medicine, and other agricultural purposes in different communities. Thus, the preliminary phytochemical analysis and TLC separation was done using methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate(1:3:1), as solvent system while iodine vapour as spotting agent. The phytochemical screening of diethyl ether extracts of bark revealed the presence of carbohydrates , anthraquinones glycosides ,saponins ,flavanoids, and alkaloids, while chloroform extracts of bark revealed carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, while acetone extracts of bark revealed the presence of carbohydrates, anthraquinones glycosides, flavanoids and alkaloids,while ethanol extracts of bark revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, anthraquinones glycosides,s aponins, flavanoids and alkaloids.TLC separation showed (3) spots each of Diethyl Ether, Chloroform, Acetone, Ethanol from bark extracts. From our findings, it can be concluded that Murraya Koenigii contains some significant phytochemicals that can exhibit desired therapeutic activities such as Antioxidant, Anti-Microbial, Anti-Fungal, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Ulcer and Cosmetic use. However, there is a need to conduct further Pharmaceutical Analysis on test extracts in order to establish these biomedical applications. Keywords: Thin Layer Chromatography, Murraya koenigii Bark, Phytochemical screening

Detection of Location Falsification Attacks in GPS driven Cloud-assisted Cognitive Radio Networks

Objective: The main objective of this method is to design a efficient mechanism to protect the cloud assisted cognitive radio networks from location falsification attacks. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework includes different techniques to find angle of arrival, time of arrival and signal strength and their applications in security. Methodology: Static spectrum policy has led to the inefficient way of using the spectrum resources. Dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio was capable of solving the problem. In cognitive radio, the secondary users (SU) can use the white spaces in the spectrum opportunistically without creating any interference to the primary user (PU). Cloud-assisted cognitive radio is a renowned technique in cognitive radio for opportunistically using the spectrum. In this technique, SU has to report his exact location to the cloud database for getting the idle channels. GPS plays a crucial role in determining the location of the user which makes it fragile to attackers. If the attackers spoof the GPS to report false location, it will create harm to the PU. To resolve this issue, we proposed three-step mechanism that uses angle of arrival using MUSIC algorithm, time of arrival and signal strength for detecting the fake user. Field Significance: The significance of this research is to enable high security in cognitive radio networks and prevent interference to PU. Outcome: The outcome of this research is detecting the fake location reported by the attacker and simulating the scenarios using Matlab

Bioequivalence and Pharmacokinetic Comparison Between Clonidine Hydrochloride Tablets 0.3mg: an Open Label, Balanced, Randomizedsequence, Single-dose, Two-period Crossover Study in Healthy Male Volunteers

Background: This present bioequivalence study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalence of Clonidine Hydrochloride 0.3mg Tablets In Comparison With CatapresTM Clonidine Hydrochloride 0.3mg Tablets after single dose administration under Fasting conditions in healthy adult male subjects. Therefore the design of an open label, balanced, randomized, two-sequence, single dose, two way crossover study with a wash-out period of at least 7 days was used. Methods: An open-labeled, balanced, single-dose with food, two-treatment, twoperiod, two-sequence, randomized crossover study was conducted in 12 healthy male volunteers. Each volunteer received a 0.3mg Tablet of the reference or test drug respectively. On the day of dosing, blood samples were collected before dosing and at various time points up to 96 hours after dosing. Analysis of clonidine concentrations was performed using a validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Tmax, t1/2 and Kel were analyzed using the non-compartmental model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Tmax, t1/2 and Kel were analyzed using the non-compartmental model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed. The primary pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf) 90%CI werewithin the 80 to 125% interval required for bioequivalence as stipulated in the current regulations of the USFDA acceptance criteria. The geometric mean ratios (Test/Reference) between the two products of 0.3mg tablets under Fasting condition were 95.49% (89.92%-116.23%) for Cmax ratios, 82.51% (91.41%-110.5%) for AUC0-t ratios and 94.93% (93.64%-108.96%) for AUC0-infratios of Clonidine. 12 volunteers had completed both treatment periods. There was no significant difference of the Tmax parameter between the two formulations (p>0.05). No serious adverse events related to the study drugs were found. Conclusion: This single dose study found that the test formulation Clonidine Hydrochloride 0.3mg Tablets Are Bioequivalent to the ReferenceFormulation CatapresTM Clonidine Hydrochloride 0.3mg Tablets In terms of extent and rate of absorption, under Fasting condition in healthy adult male volunteers according to the USFDA regulatory guidance.&nbsp

Determination of Phenelzine in Human Plasma Sample Using SPE- UPLC–MS/MS Assay

In this paper a Fast and highly sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for the determination of phenelzine in human plasma have been developed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. Hydroxyzine was used as an internal standard (IS). The extraction of the phenelzine from human plasma was performed using solid phase extraction. ACE-C18 (5µm, 100 x 4.6mm) reverse phase column was employed for chromatographic separation of analyte and internal standard for MS/MS detection at 0.9 ml/min flow. Detection was performed at transitions of m/z 137.258? 106.906 for phenelzine and m/z 376.022? 202.006 for hydroxyzine by positive electro-spray ionization (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was compared in the terms of validation parameters including linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The analysis was carried out in 3.0 min and the matrix matched calibration curves in the range of 0.508 ng/mL to 25.144 ng/mL were used for quantification with the correlation coefficients demonstrating good linearity (0.994-0.999). The mean extraction recoveries for phenelzine and IS from plasma were 96.5 % and 95.3% respectively. Matrix based samples were stable at room temperature for 12 hrs, processed samples were stable at least for 28 hrs and also stable at six freeze-thaw cycles. This method was successfully applied for determination of phenelzine in human plasma for pharmacokinetic study

Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Com-parison Between Artemether Tablets 80mg: an Open Label, Balanced, Randomized-sequence, Single-dose, Two-period Cross-over Study in Healthy Male Volunteers

Background: This present bioequivalence study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalence of Artemether (80mg tablets in comparison with COARTEMTM Artemether (4x20mg) tablets after single dose administration under fed conditions in healthy adult male subjects. Therefore the design of an open label, balanced, randomized, two-sequence, single dose, two way crossover study with a wash-out period of at least 7 days was used. Methods: An open-labeled, balanced, single-dose with food, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, randomized crossover study was conducted in 12 healthy male volunteers. Each volunteer received 80mg Artemether tablet of the reference or test drug respectively. On the day of dosing, blood samples were collected before dosing and at various time points up to 216 hours after dosing. Analysis of Artemether concentrations was performed using a validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Tmax, t1/2 and Kel were analyzed using the non-compartmental model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Tmax, t1/2 and Kel were analyzed using the non-compartmental model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed. The primary pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf) 90%CI were within the 80 to 125% interval required for bioequivalence as stipulated in the current regulations of the USFDA acceptance criteria. The geometric mean ratios (Test/Reference) between the two products of 80mg tablets under fed condition 105.7% (81.23%-110.58%) for Cmax ratios, 91.0% (90.43%-108.32%) for AUC0-t ratios, 84.8% (80.45%-104.98%) for AUC0-inf ratios of Artemether, respectively. 12 volunteers had completed both treatment periods. There was no significant difference of the Tmax parameter between the two formulations (p >0.05). No serious adverse events related to the study drugs were found. Conclusion: This single dose study found that  the test formulation Artemether 80mg  tablets are bioequivalent to the reference formulation COARTEMTM Artemether (4x(20mg) tablets in terms of  extent and rate of absorption, under fed condition in healthy adult male volunteers according to the USFDA regulatory guidance

Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Com-parison Between Telmisartan Tablets 80mg: an Open Label, Balanced, Randomized-sequence, Single-dose, Two-period Cross-over Study in Healthy Male Volunteers

Background: This present bioequivalence study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalence of telmisartan 80mg tablets in comparison with MICARDISTM telmisartan 80mg tablets after single dose administration under fed conditions in healthy adult male subjects. Therefore the design of an open label, balanced, randomized, two-sequence, single dose, two way crossover study with a wash-out period of at least 7 days was used. Methods: An open-labeled, balanced, single-dose with food, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, randomized crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy male volunteers. Each volunteer received a 80mg tablet of the reference or test drug respectively. On the day of dosing, blood samples were collected before dosing and at various time points up to 72 hours after dosing. Analysis of telmisartan concentrations was performed using a validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Tmax, t1/2 and Kel were analyzed using the non-compartmental model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Tmax, t1/2 and Kel were analyzed using the non-compartmental model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed. The primary pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf) 90%CI were within the 80 to 125% interval required for bioequivalence as stipulated in the current regulations of the USFDA acceptance criteria. The geometric mean ratios (Test/Reference) between the two products of 80mg tablets under fed condition were 92.34% (92.23%-117.37%) for Cmax ratios, 91.84% (94.28%-110.31%) for AUC0-t ratios and 99.42% (93.65%-106.97%) for AUC0-inf ratios of Telmisartan. Twenty volunteers had completed both treatment periods. There was no significant difference of the Tmax parameter between the two formulations (p >0.05). No serious adverse events related to the study drugs were found. Conclusion: This single dose study found that the test formulation telmisartan 80mg tablets are bioequivalent to the reference formulation MICARDISTM telmisartan 80mg tablets in terms of extent and rate of absorption, under fed condition in healthy adult male volunteers according to the USFDA regulatory guidance